70. A reliable supply of clean, pathogen-free, fresh water is vital for good welfare. Water intake is related to the age of the bird, feed intake, ambient temperature and humidity, dietary ingredients and nutrient content, flock health and management practices, such as vaccination. Water intake may also be affected by periods of hunger and stress.
71. Daily records of water consumption provide an early warning of potential problems and a water meter is a necessary management tool.
72. Daily access to water throughout the period of lighting and a sufficient number of drinkers, well distributed and correctly adjusted, should be provided. It may be necessary to manage the supply of water in relation to the feeding system and programme this to reduce excessive drinking and to maintain litter quality.
73. If the time during which water availability is restricted, it is vital that there is generous provision of drinkers with adequate flow to enable all birds to drink, without undue competition, when the water supply is turned back on.
74. Where there is any risk of disruption to water supply, provision should be made for a 24-hour reserve of water on-site calculated for maximum usage, for example, birds at peak production during hot weather.
75. Water should be available throughout the period of lighting and adequate drinkers should be provided to ensure all birds can drink without undue competition.
76. Water meters must be fitted to each house to enable daily monitoring of water usage and pressure.